這些英文你認得嗎？天寒地凍，大雪覆蓋，因失溫而死，讀這篇新聞就會看到這些英文
＊閱讀全文請點擊此連結
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16830034
＊新聞標題
Europe freeze: Heavy snow across continent
＊標題解說
‧ freeze：是動詞還是名詞？這個字既是動詞也是名詞，如何判斷在此是名詞？
因爲若是動詞，Europe 當主詞，第三人稱單數，freeze, 就需要加 s變成 freezes，所以在此為名詞，Europe freeze：歐陸零下嚴寒
‧ freeze：零下嚴寒的天氣（名詞）http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/freeze_2
an unusually cold period of weather during which temperatures stay below 0° Celsius（攝氏零度以下）
Farmers still talk about the big freeze of '99.
‧ across continent：橫跨（歐洲）大陸，在標題，the 冠詞省略（across the continent）
＊內文解析
█ 大雪已在歐洲各處造成交通中斷，生活受困，大雪覆蓋遠達義大利南部和土耳其東部。
Heavy snow has caused disruption across Europe, carpeting much of Italy to the south and Turkey to the east.
► 簡化來看：Heavy snow has caused X across Europe, and it has carpeted（= carpeting 分詞構句） much of Italy to the south and Turkey to the east
‧ disruption：中斷,無法正常生活（名詞）
Heavy snow has caused disruption 大雪造成交通中斷，生活受困
‧ across：橫越穿過（介係詞）
across Europe： 在歐洲各地（across 若是副詞，後面就不會有名詞）
‧ carpet 一般人熟悉的意思是地毯，在此加了 ing, 顯然是動詞，因此查字典的時候要找動詞，找到了動詞，又看到carpet 有好幾個意思，要選哪個呢？用中文語感先做個假設，carpeting，在此應該是大雪覆蓋了大地，因此看到這個解釋，就可以放心自己的猜想没錯 http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/carpet_2
carpet something (with/in something) (literary) to cover something with a thick layer of something
The forest floor was carpeted with wild flowers.
‧ carpet：厚厚覆蓋（動詞）
█ Heavy snow carpeted much of Italy to the south. 大雪覆蓋義大利大部分地區一直到義大利南方往南席捲歐陸的零下嚴寒，已經造成至少八十人死亡，主要在集中在烏克蘭和波蘭。
The freeze that has swept south through the continent has caused at least 80 deaths, mainly in Ukraine and Poland.
► 簡化來看：The freeze (that…) has caused at least 80 deaths.
that子句說明freeze
‧ freeze： 跟標題一樣，零下嚴寒天氣（名詞）前面有 the freeze 再度確認是名詞
‧ sweep：快速移動（動詞）過去分詞swept，has swept 現在完成式
█ The freeze has swept south through the continent 零下嚴寒往南席捲歐洲大陸氣溫如此之低，以至於在羅馬尼亞一些黑海沿岸地區的海水結冰了。
Temperatures were so low that some areas in Romania along the shores of the Black Sea froze.
► 簡化來看：Temperatures were so low that X happened.
So… that 如此…以至於的用法
‧ froze：為 freeze 的過去式，結冰（動詞）在這裡 freeze 當動詞
Parts of the Black Sea froze near the Romanian coastline。
更多報導請看：海水結冰
█ 義大利中部重型貨車被禁止上高速公路還有一些第一流的足球賽事也因嚴峻寒冷的天候被迫取消。
In central Italy, heavy goods lorries were barred from motorways and several top-flight football matches have fallen victim to the wintry conditions.
‧ Heavy goods lorry：重型貨車 lorries（複數型）
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/hgv
英國用法：HGV：heavy goods vehicle (a large vehicle such as a lorry/truck)
You need an HGV licence for this job.
‧ bar：禁止（動詞）
‧ motorway：高速道路（名詞）英國用法，superhighway 北美用法
‧ top-flight：最高品質的（形容詞）http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/top-flight
of the highest quality; the best or most successful
‧ fall victim to：被征服，被犧牲掉了，受害（慣用語）http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/fall+victim#victim
fall victim (to something)
(formal)to be injured, damaged or killed by something
Many plants have fallen victim to the sudden frost.
‧ wintry conditions：寒冬的天氣狀況（慣用用法）conditions （複數型）
█ 烏克蘭官員報導，凍死的人數已上升到43人 ，其中13人在過去24小時內因失溫受害。
Ukrainian officials reported that the number of deaths attributed to the freeze had risen to 43, with 13 people falling victim to hypothermia in the past 24 hours.
► 簡化來看：Ukrainian officials reported that the number of deaths (attributed 子句，暫且不看) had risen to 43, with 13 people falling victim to hypothermia in the past 24 hours.
deaths 後面接的 attributed to the freeze, 其實是 that were attributed to the freeze, 死亡是因為天冷導致的結果 （The officials attributed the death to the freeze 或 the deaths were attributed to the freeze）http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/attribute
attribute something to somebody
This play is usually attributed to Shakespeare.
‧ hypothermia：失溫（名詞）
講到歐洲嚴寒的天氣，除了Europe freeze 之外，還有Europe’s cold snap 一說，看這裡
‧ Europe's cold snap
這則新聞報導寒冬景象：看看你認得那些用法？
‧ 零下嚴寒：freeze（名詞）cold snap（慣用語）
‧ 大雪覆蓋歐洲：Heavy snow carpeted Europe.
‧ 大雪造成交通中斷，生活受困：Heavy snow has caused disruption.
‧ 部分黑海海水結冰：Parts of Black sea froze (過去式)
‧ 造成死亡：The freeze caused at least 80 deaths.
‧ 失溫：hypothermia（名詞）
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